500+ most frequently used telugu words in carnatic music

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 23 May 2009, 08:31

A good reference may be http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/brown/ which is from Brown's dictionary, considered to be the definitive work (actually the first..)

ksrimech · Post by **ksrimech** » 23 May 2009, 09:12

Keerti, Is this the right place for that or should I put it in the bhakti sections under the title mahAlakshmi tAyAr? There 6 definitions based on the words: SrIyatE, SrayatE, SruNOti, SrAvayati, SrUNAti and SrInAti. It might become a bit long and unnecessary for this thread.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 23 May 2009, 16:28

Put it in the bhakti(or sahitya discussions) thread or as a new topic here under languages, and post a link here as well..

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 23 May 2009, 18:14

26. 81 manasA - O mind!, manamE, manassE/ manavE, E man!
vocative case of manasu, meaning mind [manasu = mind; manasA = O mind!] (manasA mana sAmarthyamEmi? = O mind, what are we capable of..?)

27. 81 andu - As a pronoun - There, in that place, ange, alli, vahAN..

as a suffix(The locative affix) in, within, on, x-il, x-nalli, x-me/pe/par..

(sakalbhUtamuayandu nIvai = you are immanent in all living things)

28. 79 vinuta - Sanskrit for worshipped by, vaNangapaduvavaN, namisalpaDuva see #6 nuta

the most common usage is probably tyAgarAja-vinuta = worshipped by tyAgarAja..

29. 77 ninu see #8 ninnu you,unai, ninna, tumhe/tujhe ( evarU rA ninu vina = who else, but you)
30. 77 kani - having seen, used in the sense of 'clearly/distinctly' (uData bhakti kani = noticing the devotion of the squirrel)
past participle of the verb kanu (= kannu = eye) = to see/perceive

31. 73 sura - A sanskrit word meaning god i.e, dEva = animiSa = divija (denizen of devaloka)
(sura -nAtha-mukhArchita = worshipped by the king of gods and others)

32. 73 lEka - As a conjunction or/else, tavara?l, horathu, ke binA/ke sivAy

32b. lEka - ( X lEka = in the absence of X) illAmal, illadE, ke bina
(guru lEka etuvanti - in the absence of a teacher)

33. 73 jUci - having seen, pArtthu,nODi, dEkh-kar (ahalyanu (The locative affix) in, within, on, upon jUci brOcina = he who looked at Ahalya and protected her)

73 bhava - A sanskrit word with multiple meanings :

1.Being, subsistence. Earthly or corporeal existence
2. sin, the sinful state, or mortality are subject to sin, the ills of human life
3.The world (bhava-sukham = earthly comforts)

Usage of bhava in the sense of 1,2, 3 is usually compounded with sagara or roga as bhava-sAgara = the ocean of earthly misery, or bhava-rOga = the disease of mundane existence..
Even when the suffix is absent, it is implied as in bhava-taraka = (O lord who) transports me across the ocean of earthly existence

4. lord Siva - bhava-nuta =(O lord)worshipped by siva
5. as a suffix, it means 'born of' e.g. kamala-sambhava = lotus born i.e. brahma

34a. 69 dhara - a sanskrit word meaning (up)holder/wielder/ supporter.
jala-dhara = ambu-dhara = cloud
kalA-dhara = moon
rAjadhara = (SaSi)kalA-dhara = siva [bearing the moon]
bhU-dhara = supporters of the earth = mountains
etc..

34b. also earth, the saskrit dhara, truncated to dhara, as the telugus are wont to do..
(dharanu nI sari daivamu = in/on this earth, (is there) a deity (like you..?))

chetana · Post by **chetana** » 26 May 2009, 15:49

keerthi wrote:the next instalment....

14. 128 rAja - From the Sanskrit, ThyAgarAja has used this word variously, in the sense of king (rAjaN being the root word) and in the sense of moon(RAja being the root word)
When used as a suffix for any animate noun it generally means king/leader - amara/sura-rAja, gaja-rAja khaga-rAja etc..

When it is used as a prefix to a word meaning face[raja-vadana,rAjamukha etc.] or used along with a word for sun and then eyes{ina-rAja-nayana = one with the sun and moon for his eyes} the word means moon..

** also royal. chakkani raja margamu --> right royal road

15. 118 Adi - To play, dance, work, act, Adi,Adi, karkE??
An auxillary? verb, can have several versatile uses, depending on the other verb it is found with..
[(nAd)Adina mata = the words spoken then; mataladi = having spoken]

**Adi --> first

16. 114 anucu - ?,yenru, anta, ?? (rama rama yanuchu.. = rAma rama yenru)

**saying

19. 102 ella - all/everything, ellAm, ella(vu), sab kuch - adj. usually follows a noun(jEsinadella = paNNadu ellam = all that you did)

** also limit usually used in plural, as in ellalu(limits/boundaries). cant think of an example.

chetana · Post by **chetana** » 26 May 2009, 15:52

keerthi wrote:All the words aren't telugu, some are sanskrit..

6. 188 nuta - A sanskrit word meaning worshipped, vaNangappaTTa,namaskarisalpatta, ?
X-nuta means worshipped by X..

words with more or less the same meaning include nata, sannuta,pUjita,(kara)-archita, vandita.. pUjya,vandya convey the same meaning approximately..

***nuta is praised by.

chetana · Post by **chetana** » 26 May 2009, 17:02

vasanthakokilam wrote:Thanks very much isramesh. That is going to be of great use to a lot of rasikas and musicians.

I did a similar histogram on the entire sahitya of all the tyagaraja compositions from Sri. Govindan's database. Here are the top 500. The number to the left of the word is not a count from the compositions themselves but a count in in Sri. Govindan's document ( which includes commentary ) but the relative frequency should be close enough to the actual compositions. ( except the high runner thyagaraja is left out ). Several words appear in both lists, you can give the meaning of the new entires in the second table. Also, I did not do any manual review of the output of my script, so some english words may have snuck in there and other such anamolies.
Please note that in the transliteration scheme that Sri. Govindan uses, sri is written as zri etc.

1. I have omitted some sanskrit-based words as a lot of them are common to most languages and easily understood.

56 nIdu --> your. connotes a slightly a more respectful way of addressign ( nIdu charana pankajamule gatiyani)

61 nIvE--> you only nIvE dikkani, nIvE gatiyani

53 kara--> hand. varadAbhaya kara kamalE, zaraNAgata vatsalE

51 nija--> own. e.g.1. nija daasulu, 2. I vELa nA Aru zatrulanu nIvE pAradrOli, nija bhaktu chEsi

51 nAma --> named. zri rAma, tAraka nAma

50. vELa--> samayam (time+context+occasion). e.g. same I vELa e.g above

50 jana--> people

49 sadA--> always

49 mAm--> me ; mAm pAhi

48 pati--> lord and master.

46. hRt --> heart

46 enta--> how much e.g. enta nErcinA

46. arcita--> worshipped by

42 zayana--> one who sleeps. ksheera saagara sayana

42. mada--> one of the arishadvargas. arrogance, conceit, egocentricity. i have heard that kama, krodha, lobha are the three main vices. moha, mada and matsaryam are the heightened superlative forms of the first 3 . first set segues into the second if not kept in check.

41 ika --> henceforth, ikanaina elukorada

39. not sure about this at all. OR?

38 rIti--> manner.

38 pada--> feet,

38 pAvana--> sanctified, holy, exalted by piety

38 anucunu--> saying ( present continuous)

37 rAmuni--> rAmA's

37 muni--> sage. esp one who observes mounam (silence)

37 mukha--> face. rarely used for mouth as well

36 mari --> further.

again.

other than. mari vere dikkevarayya rama

36 lOka--> of the world. note: lokamu or lokam is world.

36 kanaka--> gold

36 kOTi--> crore

group, collection--> bhakta kOTi. anDakOTlu kukshinunchi

36 bAguga--> well

35 nAdu--> mine. has a more conciliatory tone.

34 sari --> equal. enough. I jagAna nIdu sari vElpulanu nEnendu gAnanammA.

34. lAli--> lullaby. lAli pAta is a lullaby. singing lAli is the act of putting a child to bed with song. the word itself is sometimes used in songs and in such cases is the equivalent of jo jo.

34. endu--> where

34 ari--> foe

33 paTTi--> beloved child. dasarathuni paTTi

having held (same as paTTukuni). nA pAtakamella pOgoTTi, gaTTiga nA cEyi paTTi, viDuvaka

33 nara--> human

33 janaka--> father. kandarpa janaka

32 vAru--> him (plural) or them . also used for her(plural) but infrequently.

32 teliya -->

32 sarva--> universal, all

32 dhana--> wealth. money.

31 rAdu--> wont come

31 phalamu--> fruit. nOmu phalamu

31. nAga--> related to snakes

31 manasuna--> in (one's) heart.

31 jUDa. it is actually cUDa. becomes jUDa when the word is preceded by a word ending in "n". e.g. nanun cUDa becomes nanu jUDa.

30 zara--> arrow. zara zara samaraika vIra

30 nitya--> daily. by extrapolation constant, eternal ( depending on context)

29 madini--> in (ones) mind . sometimes in ones heart.

29 ennALLu--> how many days

28 nata--> revered by

28 akSa--> eye

27 vadana--> faced. the word for face is vadanamu or vadanam. if the ending is truncated the word usually becomes hte possessive. gajavadana.

27 sAgara--> of the ocean

27 rAga--> affection. rAga dvEsham

26 tAraka--> one that helps you cross over. by extrapolation one that liberates. tAraka mantramu. mantra that helps one cross the ocean of samsara

27 oka--> one. single

27 bAga--> well. same as tamil nalla

27 kana

(not sure what this word means. might help to know the entire sentence)

26 tA--> same as tanu.

26 nIkE--> for you alone.

26 Apta --> dear

25 vinA--> without,other than amba janani, ninu vinA dikkevaramma

25 talli--> mother

25 rakSaka-- protector

25 pAlita--> that which is ruled by (or him that is ruled by)

25 adhipa--> lord

25 Emani--> what specifically? Emani pogaDudune Amani sobagula alamelmanga

24 nIraja--> lotus, nIraja nayana

24 mEnu--> body

23 osagi--> having given

23 munu--> before. same as munupu and sometimes mundu. mundu can also be used for positioning (of objects) in the spatial context. munu and munupu are usually temporal.

23 lOcana--> eyed. pankaja lOcana--> lotus eyed

23 jita--> (one who has ) conquered. jitakrOdha.

23 haraNa--> destruction, dissipation. kAla haraNa mEla ra

23 bangaru--> golden

23 ati--> excess

23 EmO--> perhaps, who knows!, (i ) dont know what

22 vale--> like

22 hita--> well wisher -- kamalAsana hita garuda gamana

22 giri--> mountain, giriraja suta tanaya

22 anti--> i have said.

having touched-->

21 undaga--> while existing, being

21 rA--> come

21 pa

**no idea what this word is

21 nEDU--> today

21 ennaTikO--> not sure when (entones despair)

21 avana

** never heard this word

21 vandita--> one who is revered by (literally one to whom namaskaram is done)

20 vEga--> quickly

20 vAri--> their (plural, or singular +excessively respecful)

also water . vArija is lotus

20 taramA--> is it within (one's )capacity? taramu means generation. by extension it probably means " could it be done in one's lifetime) nA taramA bhava sAgara mIdanu naLiNadalEkshana rAma

20 rahita--> devoid of

20 okate--> one girl.

20 nApai--> upon me

20 iGka--> furthermore

20 cEta--> done by (me)

20 anni- everything

19 sogasu--> beauty

will take this up again later.

chetana · Post by **chetana** » 27 May 2009, 13:11

19 parAku --> absentmindedness, inattentiveness

19 lOla--> one who revels in sAmagAna lOla

19 cAla--> a lot

19 Anana--> face(d)

18 vidhi--> fate
braham--> vidhIndra nutE

18 vairi--> foe zambharArai vairi sahodari

18 rAka--> arrival

18 pEru--> name

also a sequential arrangement as in a string (usually of gems) , pEru gala javarAli penDli kUturu, pedda pErula mutyAla meDa pendli kUturu

18 nIvani

18 nAtO--> with me

18 mAku--> for us

18 konnALLu- for some days

18 ina --> sun. inavamza tilaka

18 gAna--> related to singing

18 divya --> divine

18 amara--> godly, immortal

17 velayu-->

17 vAriki--> to thim

17 marmamu--> secret

17 kaNTe--> than

17 kUDi--> together, in concert

17 jAla --> cAla ( depending on the grammar of the phrase)

trickery-->

17 gala--> probably kala. having.

17 dUra--> distant

penetrating

17 dAri--> way, path

16 ilanu, ilalo--> in the world, on this earth

16 balamu--> strength

16 da-->

** whole sentence or phrase please

however,w hen used as a suffix, da means to give. varada, subhada etc.

16 aTu--> that way

16 aTTi--> such

16 anga--> limb

entire body

15 vEgame--> quickly, with haste

15 unna --> existing

15 tanDri --> father

15 sama--> equal,

15 sArasa--->

15 rAya--> king

15 nelakonna--> establisehd

15 mIra--> over-reaching, exceeding

15 kondari--> (pertaining to) some people

15 iDi--> having given

15 dorakunA--> will (i) ever find

15 daLa--> leaf . sarOja daLa nEtri, tulasi daLa

15 ETi--> related to Eru ( a flowing stream)

ETi--> why. srirAmula divya nAma smaraNa cEyuTe cAlu. ghOramaina tapamulanu kOranETikE manasA

15 Abha--> radiance, light

14 zata--> 100. zatakOti manmathAkAra

14 varamaina--> blessed

14 vEru--> different (from)

root ( of a tree)

14 vAridhi--> ocean

15 talaci--> having thought of, recollected

14 tALa--> to bear , vaga jUpaku, tALanu, nannElukOrA tALanu is cannot bear,

14 sukhambu--> same as sukhamu

14 santatamu-->always, constant

14 sadana--> resident( if prefixed with a qualifier, tyagarajahrt sadana), residence (in telugu, the noun usually ends in a mu or m. so residence would be sadanamu)

14 palumAru--> several times, over and over again

14 palka--> constricted form of paluka -- to say

14 pOdu--> wont go

14 manci--> good

14 kAna--> (noun) forest.

kAna--> related to seeing

14 indukA--> was it for this? ( word ending in deergham denotes a question albeit rhetorical)

14 ataDE--> it is him(emphasis- as in him alone)

14 aitE--> but

aitE--> occurs

13 unci--> kept, placed

13 tanuvu--> body

13 surulu--> gods

13 satatamu--> always satatamu mA bhadragiri swami rAmadAsudaina

13 rAjillu--> shine (less related to physical light and more to do with shining of one's prajna, fame etc.)

13 proddu--> morning . also poddu. depedingon the context it could meanf irst half of the day ( toli poddu) or latter half ( mali poddu). poddu pOyindi ( poddu has gone) means night has fallen

13 orula--> others

13 nirupama--> peerless, incomparable

13 nigama--> pertaining to the vedas

13 manavini--> related to appeal. manavi= appeal

13 mRdu--> soft, smooth

13 lEnu--> if preceded by an adverb, I am not there. nEnu akkada lEnu.

if preceded by subject alone, I dont exist. nEnu lEnu.

if preceded by an action, i cannot do it. cEya lEnu. tALa lEnu.

13 kala--> (noun) dream

(verb)--> same as kaligina, having. sugunamulu kala

13 erigi--> same as telisi. having known, being aware of

13 enci--> (verb) having selected

13 dhRta --> holding, karavidhrta kuvalaya, mada danuja vAraNa

13 dari--> river bank,

nearness. same as daggara

13 celimi--> friendship and by extension affection, attachment

13 aTla--> in that manner. same as aTula, aTlu,

12 zEkhara --> one that adorns themselves with rAjazEkhara, chandrasEkhara

12 vAramu--> we are .

if preceded by a subject, as in rAmuni vAramu, it means we belong to rAma. or we are part of rAma's entourage.

if preceded by a verb, as in pUja cEsina vAramu, it means we are the ones who performed the deed

12 tapamu--> same as tapas, penance

12 satta

** not sure what this word is. but sattA ( with a deergham) means capability.

12 sEya--> same as cEya, bhajana sEya vE

12 sAkSi-> witness

12 pAmara--> illiterate pAmarAsura bhIma. one that is ferocious to the demon of ignorance

12 pA

** ??

12 okaTi--> one, single

12 namma--> related to belief and faith ( of nammakam)

12 naga--> nagamu is a mountain. that which has no movement

12 nIru--> water

12 munulu--> muni plural

12 muccaTa--?

12 kuvalaya--> world, also lotus

12 kari--> elephant kariraja varada

12 kalgu--> same as kalugu

12 kAnta--> woman

12 jAli--> (noun) pitiful state. naguMomu ganalEni nA jAli telisi

feeling pity for someone. jAli cUpu. show mercy.

12 ibha--> elephant. ibhavaradAyaka

12 grakkuna--> immediately

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 27 May 2009, 14:49

Thanks, Chetana.. Gosh! you are really fast..I was trundling along in instalments of tens and fifteens.. You will finish it in three posts!

Why should nuta mean praised by.. What is the root verb..? is is something to the effect 'praise'..?

As far as I know nuti = nati = namana thoufgh they arise from different root verbs..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 27 May 2009, 20:05

Chetana, keerthi: Fantastic. Good work.

Keerthi: Please continue with your input, relating multiple languages and usages etc. at your pace in parallel to Chetana.

Chetana, after you finish this list, I have the next 500 words

but I will wait for all this to sink in.

Thanks a lot.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 28 May 2009, 07:49

VK,
I was wondering. Since the sanskrit based words are more or less familiar to many which occur in their own languages, is it a good idea to go with just the telugu ones--verbs and adverbs in particular? Other words can be added on later? Just a thought...

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 28 May 2009, 10:00

arasi wrote:VK,
I was wondering. Since the sanskrit based words are more or less familiar to many which occur in their own languages, is it a good idea to go with just the telugu ones--verbs and adverbs in particular? Other words can be added on later? Just a thought...

I agree, we could make a separate list of sanskrit words, later if required..

Will shortly resume my notes on the word-list..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 28 May 2009, 11:15

Arasi, Keerthi: I also agree as long as the sanskrit word is a well known one and should be known to most speakers of other south indian languages. Just call it out and move on to other words. If we have questions on that, we will ask. Thanks.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 29 May 2009, 00:09

chetana wrote:
keerthi wrote:the next instalment....

. 118 Adi - To play, dance, work, act, Adi,Adi, karkE??
An auxillary? verb, can have several versatile uses, depending on the other verb it is found with..
[(nAd)Adina mata = the words spoken then; mataladi = having spoken]

**Adi --> first

19. 102 ella - all/everything, ellAm, ella(vu), sab kuch - adj. usually follows a noun(jEsinadella = paNNadu ellam = all that you did)

** also limit usually used in plural, as in ellalu(limits/boundaries). cant think of an example.

I acknowledge a mistake in the transliteration here.. in #18, it is all ADi, not Adi..

Adi does mean first, or primal or primordial..

I doubt if thyAgarAja has used ella in the sense of boundary.. I believe this form of the word exists in kannaDa/tamizh too. Elle/Ellai = boundary ella=ellA = ellAM = All

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 29 May 2009, 00:51

A reason to follow the transcription scheme - ADi - dance, Adi - primal...otherwise, mATal(u)ADi = spoken words - can become uninterprettable as mataladi, mAtaladi, mATalAdi etc etc etc....

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 29 May 2009, 01:08

36. 69 aina - a suffix used to give the meaning 'One who or which is or has become'
'Ana'(tam) 'Ada' (Kan) [AdhAramaina = One who is the support]

37. 68 manasu = Mind (Manassu/manassu/mann) ( manasu lOni marmamu = the innermost thoughts of my mind)

38. 67 rArA - A colloquial usAge of rA = come, vA!vA!, bArO, AO-AO.. (rA rA raghuvIrA = Come! O best scion of the raghus)

39. 67 Isha = a sanskrit word for lord/master

Usually used as the latter half of a compound.. (sura+Isha = surEsha = lord of suras/devas = indra(also shAchIsha); dinEsha = lord of the day = sun(also bhEsha); vAgIsha = lord of Vag[speech/sarasvati] = brahma; ramesha = srIsha = hari)

ThyAgaraja has also used the word independently, only to dovetail it into compounds in anupallavi and charanam..(Isha pAhi mAm in kalyani takes off as jagad-Isha and saptarshi-isha in subsequent parts of the song)

39. 64 mA - Our, nam(mudaya), namma, hamAra/hamArI (seetamma ma-(y)amma = seetamma is our mother)

40. 62 dEva - god. can contextually mean the supreme God (deva rAma rAma)More commonly, it refers to the gods who are citizens holding a green-card for amarika-puri (amarAvati)

Common synonyms are amara(immortal), sura(drinkers of surA wine), nirjara (un-ageing), animESHa (un-blinking), divija/divaukasa(denizen of swarga)..

41. 61 nIvE - emphAtic form of nI (see#1 above) you only/you alone/nIyE/nInE/tumhI
(nIvE rA kuladhanamu = It is you, that are my priceless heirloom )

42. 61 anu = hard-to-translate suffix meaning enru like anuchu/yanuchu/ani/yani

43. 60 nanu = nannu = me; see #8 above (nanu pAlimpa = to protect me)

44. 59 gati = Sanskrit word with a couple of meanings..
a. gathi = refuge/asylum/sanctuary (gathi nIvani namminAnu = I trust you to be my refuge)
b. gathi = salvation/mokSha (specially if used as sad-gati)
c. gathi = speed/motion; sadagati is a name for wind as it is ever moving..

45. 56 nIdu = Your,unn(udaya), ninna, tumhAra (nIdu caraNamulE = your feet alone)

46. 55 jaya = Sanskrit word for victor/victory. Also used a proclamation of victory.. ThyAgarAja has mostly used the word in the latter sense.. (jaya mangalam etc..)

47. 53 kara = Sanskrit word with many meanings
a. Doer, causer, creator (srIkara = causer of prosperity)

b. hand,ray, beam (karamuna sara-kOdanDa. = arrows and bow in your hand(s))

48. 53 evaru/yavaru = Who, yAr,yAru, kauN (evaru manaku samAnam = who is equal to us)

49. 53 bhakta = Sanskrit for devotee, votary, pattan/tondan?.. it is the same in other languages..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 29 May 2009, 12:39

keerthi: Thanks for the explanation around gathi as speed or motion and hence the word for wind is sadagathi. Of course, that is the meaning of gathi as used in CM layam. naDai, as an equivalent word, is in the same league representing a type of motion. It makes sense.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 29 May 2009, 13:30

Sure,

another meaning of gati, your post reminded me of is gait (an anagram of gati!)
Hamsa-gati or gaja-gati mean someone with the graceful stride of a swan or an elephant..

This translation of gati (gait) is more appropriate for the layam usage synonymous with nadai..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 29 May 2009, 21:16

Yes, gait is even more appropriate. The interesting thing is, both the style of movement ( aesthetics ) as well as the perceived speed of movement ( aesthetics and technical ) are meant in the layam sense. The perceived speed is just a perception and not real speed of anything. It is like you have a yard to cover in 5 seconds and that can be done in 3 steps, 4 steps, 8 steps or 12 steps. The more the steps, the busier/speedier one looks but in reality you still cover only 1 yard in that 5 seconds.

All this leads me to ask, given those many meanings of gathi, what is the root word from which this comes from and is there a method/unifying concept to these different meanings?

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 29 May 2009, 22:39

the root verb is 'gam' meaning 'to go' it is conjugated as gacchati, gacchasi, gacchAmi = he/she goes, you go, I go..

Other forms of the verb include the nouns gamana = departure, gati which has that host of meanings..
It may be possible to bring about a relationship between the word and the meanings, but I am not sure how much of it would be conceived, and how much perceived..

As you observed, the meaning of gati is strictly movement.. change in gait creates an illusion of change in speed, but is a mere re-distribution of rhythmic units..

We know that to traverse a given distance (in say, the same time) depending on the length/structure of feet and other factors unique to each creature, a snake, a tiger, an elephant and a swan would each employ a different stride, a different gait.. While the rhythm dynamics of each gait is different, the distance traversed per unit time remains the same, doesn't it..?

PUNARVASU · Post by **PUNARVASU** » 29 May 2009, 22:40

VK, probably it is 'gam gaccha' to go.

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 29 May 2009, 23:14

Thanks Punarvasu and Keerthi. Yes, the gathi and naDai all point to motion and so the root of 'to go' makes perfect sense. The beauty of sanskrit is to take such a word and transform it slightly to denote abstract concepts like 'Gait' and illusions of speed. Since you brought up wind, wind is also an illusion ( it by itself does not exist, it is an emergent property, a perception ) so sadgathi is just the right description for it.

PUNARVASU · Post by **PUNARVASU** » 30 May 2009, 00:24

The word 'gati' in tamizh also means refuge or a place to surrender as in
nIyE gati Iswari'
'EdayyA gati' etc.; there is word in tamizh 'pOkkiDam'.
gati also means 'plight' in certain usages.
But for everything the origin is the same.

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 31 May 2009, 12:26

chetana wrote:I have omitted some sanskrit-based words as a lot of them are common to most languages and easily understood.

These are also sanskrit based:

53 kara--> hand. varadAbhaya kara kamalE, zaraNAgata vatsalE

51 nija--> own. e.g.1. nija daasulu, 2. I vELa nA Aru zatrulanu nIvE pAradrOli, nija bhaktu chEsi

51 nAma --> named. zri rAma, tAraka nAma

50 jana--> people

49 sadA--> always

49 mAm--> me ; mAm pAhi

48 pati--> lord and master.

46. hRt --> heart

46. arcita--> worshipped by

42 zayana--> one who sleeps. ksheera saagara sayana

42. mada--> one of the arishadvargas. arrogance, conceit, egocentricity. i have heard that kama, krodha, lobha are the three main vices. moha, mada and matsaryam are the heightened superlative forms of the first 3 . first set segues into the second if not kept in check.

38 rIti--> manner.

38 pada--> feet,

38 pAvana--> sanctified, holy, exalted by piety

37 muni--> sage. esp one who observes mounam (silence)

37 mukha--> face. rarely used for mouth as well

36 lOka--> of the world. note: lokamu or lokam is world.

36 kanaka--> gold

36 kOTi--> crore

34. lAli--> lullaby. lAli pAta is a lullaby. singing lAli is the act of putting a child to bed with song. the word itself is sometimes used in songs and in such cases is the equivalent of jo jo.

34 ari--> foe

33 nara--> human

33 janaka--> father. kandarpa janaka

32 sarva--> universal, all

32 dhana--> wealth. money.

31 phalamu--> fruit. nOmu phalamu

31. nAga--> related to snakes

31 manasuna--> in (one's) heart.

30 zara--> arrow. zara zara samaraika vIra

30 nitya--> daily. by extrapolation constant, eternal ( depending on context)

28 nata--> revered by

28 akSa--> eye

27 vadana--> faced. the word for face is vadanamu or vadanam. if the ending is truncated the word usually becomes hte possessive. gajavadana.

27 sAgara--> of the ocean

27 rAga--> affection. rAga dvEsham

26 tAraka--> one that helps you cross over. by extrapolation one that liberates. tAraka mantramu. mantra that helps one cross the ocean of samsara

25 rakSaka-- protector

25 pAlita--> that which is ruled by (or him that is ruled by)

25 adhipa--> lord

24 nIraja--> lotus, nIraja nayana

23 lOcana--> eyed. pankaja lOcana--> lotus eyed

23 jita--> (one who has ) conquered. jitakrOdha.

23 haraNa--> destruction, dissipation. kAla haraNa mEla ra

23 ati--> excess

22 hita--> well wisher -- kamalAsana hita garuda gamana

22 giri--> mountain, giriraja suta tanaya

21 vandita--> one who is revered by (literally one to whom namaskaram is done)

20 rahita--> devoid of

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 31 May 2009, 12:28

keerthi wrote:the root verb is 'gam' meaning 'to go' it is conjugated as gacchati, gacchasi, gacchAmi = he/she goes, you go, I go..

AFAIK gam- is not conjugated as gacchati (but as gamati)

Isn't gach- a different root from gam- (although both have the same meaning)?

PUNARVASU · Post by **PUNARVASU** » 31 May 2009, 14:14

srkris,
AFAIK, it is 'gam gachcha ' to go.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 31 May 2009, 15:05

srkris wrote:
keerthi wrote:the root verb is 'gam' meaning 'to go' it is conjugated as gacchati, gacchasi, gacchAmi = he/she goes, you go, I go..
AFAIK gam- is not conjugated as gacchati (but as gamati)

Isn't gach- a different root from gam- (although both have the same meaning)?

Gam is the verb which is conjugated as gacchati.. I would know, since this is one of the pitifully few verbs I recognise..

And are you sure lAli is a sanskrit word..?

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 31 May 2009, 21:00

What I have learnt is that gam and gach are different roots. The same verb cannot be conjugated both as gamati and gacchati. Maybe I am wrong.

I am not sure about lAli, but now that you asked, I became more unsure.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 01 Jun 2009, 12:24

There is no conjugation as gamati, that I have come across so far.. If you can recollect any literature where this occurs, I would love it if you could share the information..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 01 Jun 2009, 12:56

this may be a bit off topic... I vaguely remember reading somewhere that sanskrit has 2000+ roots from which any entity, action and relationships among entities can be derived. Is there an easy to browse list of these 2000 roots and their meaning somewhere? I realize it is a big task to learn the rules of derivations, case endings etc. but I thought I will get a feel for what such a 'universal' root word coverage looks like.

BTW, the young girl who won the 2009 Scripps U.S. national spelling bee ( Kavya Shivashankar from Kansas, 13 year old eighth grader ) just breezed through the competition mainly because of her tremendous strength in root words in Latin, Greek, Italian and French and knowing how they are put together in English.

PUNARVASU · Post by **PUNARVASU** » 01 Jun 2009, 13:59

the only usage AFAIK, is in the passive form-'gamyatE', 'gamayati(causal?)'.
I have also not come across 'gamati'.

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 01 Jun 2009, 15:46

I agree it is rarer than gacchati (indeed, very rare in classical sanskrit), but the form can be found commonly in the Vedic dialect

Rigveda 8.102.9
ayÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¡M vÃƒÆ’Ã‚ÂshvA abhÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â shrÃƒÆ’Ã‚Âyo agnÃƒÆ’Ã‚Âr devÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â©Su patyate
ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 02 Jun 2009, 12:09

51a. 51 nija - nija = personal/one's own,sonda,swanta,nijI.
This seems to be a meaning of sanskrit stock.. (nija-dAsa varada = boon-giver to your devotees)

51b. 51 nija = truth.. uNmai/mei, nija/satya, sach.. (nijamugA nee mahima = verily, your greatness)

this usage of a sanskrit word in a different meaning is peculiar to all the south Indian languages.
(other examples I can think of, with changed meanings, are sadya in kannada, and yadeccham in tamizh)

52. 51 nAma = Sanskrit for name, peyar, hesaru,nAm ( nI nAma-rUpamulaku nitya-jaya-mangaLam = May your name and form confer good to us ever)

53. 50 vELa = time,vELai/poZHudu, vELe/hottu, samay. (tammuDu baDalina vELa = [at the time]when your brother was fatigued)

Also used to indicate time relative to some other event..(see above example)

54. 50 jana = Sanskrit for people, used similarly in other languages.. (sAdhu-jana-jIvana = precious as life for the virtuous people)

55. 49 telisi = having known/understood, terinjiNDu/purinjiNDu, tiL(id)ukoNDu, jAn-kar/samajh-kar.
(telisi rAma cintanatO nAmamu sEyavE = Understand, through contemplation of rAma and then chant God's names)

56. 49 sadA = Sanskrit for always, eppozhudu,yAvAgalu, hamEshA ( centanE sadA uncukO = always keep me near you)

57. 49 mAM - Sanskrit for to me,ennai, nannannu, mujhE/mujhkO (mam-ava satatam = protect me always)
second case declension(vocative) of the root asmad = I/we

58. 49 kula = Sanskrit for race/community/family; same word is used in most languages..
(nIvErA kula dhanamu = You alone are my family wealth)

58b. kula is also used in the sense of horde,multitude, flock, kuzhuvu, gumpu, jhunD
(aLi kula nibha vENi = (O Mother) whose tresses are dark like a swarm of bees!)

59. 49 bhakti = sanskrit for attachment/piety/devotion.. rAma-bhakti-samrAjya = the empire that is devotion to rama

60a. 48 pati = when solitary or suffixed to word indicating a woman; means husband.. (sItapati, vAgpati etc)

60b. when compounded with other words, can mean lord/master/possesor/sovereign etc.. (for examples see rAja, replace all rAja with pati)

61. 47 sundara = Sanskrit for beautiful/charming/agreeable.. widely prevalent as such in other languages too.. (sundara-tara-dEham = most beautiful bodied)

62. 46 rAdA = doesn't it come/ varavillayA, baralillavA, AyA nahIN kyA..? (vina rAdA nA manavi = CanÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢t You listen to my appeal?)
(usually rhetorical) negative form of the telugu verb rA = come.. Usually an auxillary verb to another verb or an abstract noun..

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 02 Jun 2009, 17:15

keerthi wrote: nI nAma-rUpamulaku nitya-jaya-mangaLam = May your name and form confer good to us ever

Or, is it, 'auspiciousness (jaya mangaLam) to/for your (nI) name (nAma) and forms (rUpamulaku) forever/daily (nitya)'?

keerthi wrote: 62. 46 rAdA = doesn't it come/ varavillayA,

rAdA? = varAdA, varamATTAdA, varamuDiyAdA (won't you/it come?). In hindi, I do not think you can find a single word for this - like in English, a phrase would be needed - 'A nahIn saktE?' for 'avar varArA/varamATTArA?

varavillayA? = didn't you/it come?

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 02 Jun 2009, 20:52

rshankar wrote:
Or, is it, 'auspiciousness (jaya mangaLam) to/for your (nI) name (nAma) and forms (rUpamulaku) forever/daily (nitya)'?

rAdA? = varAdA, varamATTAdA, varamuDiyAdA (won't you/it come?). In hindi, I do not think you can find a single word for this - like in English, a phrase would be needed - 'A nahIn saktE?' for 'avar varArA/varamATTArA?

varavillayA? = didn't you/it come?

I agree that both the above are improvements on my attempts..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 02 Jun 2009, 23:56

srkris wrote:VK, you can find the list of the 2000 verbal roots in the "Dhatupatha".

srkris, thanks for the reference. Every time I do any kind of reference look up on such Sanskrit related items, I get amazed by how Panini's work is so relevant to today's computing world. It just boggles my mind that he had advanced the field of generative grammars 2000+ years back only for the rest of humanity to catch up to him after so long.

Do the root words cover both verbs and nouns ( or at that root word level, this is not even an appropriate question to ask? )

I googled and found a few sites but have not found one which is complete with English translation. I am continuing to look.
Also, I would like to use a site that has good credentials both for the root word list as well as the english translations. Thanks.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 03 Jun 2009, 06:13

vasanthakokilam wrote:
Do the root words cover both verbs and nouns ( or at that root word level, this is not even an appropriate question to ask? )

The 'dhAtu' in dhAtu-pATha refers to verb root.. Hence it is a list of verbs alone.. the ancient master of semantics and etymology YAska posited that all nouns were derived from verbs or combinations of verb forms.. hence there isn't a noun-root in sanskrit..

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 03 Jun 2009, 07:19

the ancient master of semantics and etymology YAska posited that all nouns were derived from verbs or combinations of verb forms..

Interesting! That is a very audacious statement to make in itself

let alone build a whole language/grammar around that concept. This gets curioser and curioser! I will read up further on YAska. I wanted to look at the roots to get a glimpse of the kind of universal entities they were dealing with then, but this throws a monkey wrench into that plan. But it only makes it further interesting since verbs ( actions ) are probably a closed set. What a great idea to derive the open and extensible set of nouns from that fixed set.

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 04 Jun 2009, 15:37

keerthi wrote:The 'dhAtu' in dhAtu-pATha refers to verb root.. Hence it is a list of verbs alone.. the ancient master of semantics and etymology YAska posited that all nouns were derived from verbs or combinations of verb forms.. hence there isn't a noun-root in sanskrit..

That is right.

However, much as Panini and his school tried to explain the etymologies of all nouns by their verbal roots, they could not account for some of the rarer nouns (mainly in vedic), for which they promptly said the vedas are above authority

My supposition is that Vedic may have had other roots (unknown to later grammarians like Panini) that gave rise to those nouns.

cmlover · Post by **cmlover** » 04 Jun 2009, 20:04

Veda is eternal. Yaska derived the 'dhatus' from the veda to provide explanation for the meaning of the veda. In many cases he was unable to contain the meanings within the dhatus. Sayana follows Yaska in his interpretaions of the veda on which there are lots of disagreements especially from Dayananda Sarasvati. Etymology is analytic while original vedic words are synthetic. Hence Panini who fashioned the dhatupATHa throws his hands up as 'ArShaprayOga' while dealing with vedic terms since he strictly followed Yaska...

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 04 Jun 2009, 23:34

I can still use help from all of you for an authoritative link for material on dhatupATHa with english translation and transliteration!

cmlover · Post by **cmlover** » 04 Jun 2009, 23:57

A good reference is:
Dhatu-PaTha
The Roots of Language: The foundations of the Indo-European verbal system
by
Stephen R. Hill and Peter G Harrison
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1997 (ISBN: 81-215-0814-0)

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 05 Jun 2009, 01:31

CML, thanks. I have a feeling that this Dhatu-PaTha itself may be way over my head, but I will give it a try.

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 05 Jun 2009, 16:53

cmlover wrote:Veda is eternal. Yaska derived the 'dhatus' from the veda to provide explanation for the meaning of the veda. In many cases he was unable to contain the meanings within the dhatus. Sayana follows Yaska in his interpretaions of the veda on which there are lots of disagreements especially from Dayananda Sarasvati. Etymology is analytic while original vedic words are synthetic. Hence Panini who fashioned the dhatupATHa throws his hands up as 'ArShaprayOga' while dealing with vedic terms since he strictly followed Yaska...

Speaking about sayana's commentary, I remember prof.Fritz staal ,the eminent chronicler of the soma, agniSToma and Aptoryama sacrifices quoting his teacher - when sAyana doesn't understand a word in the rg vEda, he says it means water..! :p

It is inconcievable, that any language or proto-language can evolve solely from verbs.. I think the pUrvAcArya-s knew this.. Their idea may have been, that sanskrit being a much-fashioned and consciously crafted language could fit into this idea.. The corpus of verb and noun must have taken form simultaneously.. their eventual development probably wasn't of the same kind/ at the same rate....

srkris · Post by **srkris** » 05 Jun 2009, 17:07

keerthi wrote:Speaking about sayana's commentary, I remember prof.Fritz staal ,the eminent chronicler of the soma, agniSToma and Aptoryama sacrifices quoting his teacher - when sAyana doesn't understand a word in the rg vEda, he says it means water..! :p

If Sayana actually did that, it is likely he meant something by it. The term 'Ãƒâ€žÃ‚Â

keerthi · Post by **keerthi** » 05 Jun 2009, 18:08

srkris wrote:
keerthi wrote:Speaking about sayana's commentary, I remember prof.Fritz staal ,the eminent chronicler of the soma, agniSToma and Aptoryama sacrifices quoting his teacher - when sAyana doesn't understand a word in the rg vEda, he says it means water..! :p
Each verse of these hymns exhorts the listener to understand the true properties (nature) of water. Sayana was probably not joking.

I think the professor meant sayana's interpretAtion of several different words.. That is a little funny..

And take his comment, and my quote of the comment (and, actually sayana) with a pinch of salt.. makes it more palatable..

It is inconcievable, that any language or proto-language can evolve solely from verbs.. I think the pUrvAcArya-s knew this..
If some nouns can be formed from verbs, why cannot all nouns be thus formed?

Imagine the first creatures that communicated.. the words for say sun/day/light and mother etc.. would have been the earliest coinages.. and these would have been acts of naming.. when the first humans learnt to speak to each other, they would have coined nouns rather than verbs, in my opinion..

Eventually when verbs were created and people were comfortable using them.. they probably were used to created abstract and other nouns..

I just felt this may be the more natural course.. other rationalisations are welcome..

girish_a · Post by **girish_a** » 05 Jun 2009, 20:34

Can someone make a PDF out of all the words and post the link here? The unstructured/free-form format here is a little hard on the eyes.

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 05 Jun 2009, 20:43

Girish: I am planning on doing such a collation job once the meanings of the 500 words are completed. I will combine the posts the best way I can and post it back here for review to make sure I captured them all.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 09 Jun 2009, 02:12

Homework, homework, for poor VK!

cmlover · Post by **cmlover** » 09 Jun 2009, 05:03

The spring cuckoo is very busy building a nest right after spring