Sharanam and Charanam - Are they same?

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 29 Feb 2016, 12:45

I thought most Tamizh people pronounced pasu as पशु. not as पसु. pasumAdu is typical pleonasm, but is in vogue.
It is interesting that both tadbhavam and tatsaman are Samskritham words. Why did not Tamizh pundits think of Tamizh words for borrowing into Tamizh? Why do we use 'borrow' (which means an obligation to return), and not adapt for tadbhavam and adopt for tatsamam?
Sorry to convert this to linguistic discussion.

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 29 Feb 2016, 13:37

kvchellappa wrote:I thought most Tamizh people pronounced pasu as पशु. not as पसु.

Really? I have never heard it as 'pashu' until I heard some carnatic singres use it that way. I can speculate that may be in some brahmin households they may say it with a 'sha' but had it been frequent I would remember it well. If someone asks for 'pashumpAl' that will sound very odd.

VK RAMAN · Post by **VK RAMAN** » 29 Feb 2016, 19:17

it is pronouced as pasu not pashu, in Tanjavur side

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 29 Feb 2016, 20:18

I concede. Listening is not my strong point.

Meenalochani · Post by **Meenalochani** » 29 Feb 2016, 21:35

Well, I am getting confused with pasu and pashu. To go deeper, is it pasupathi or pashupathi?

Thanks

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 29 Feb 2016, 21:43

As I remember it, it is पशूनां पति, hence पशुपति and not पसुपति...right?

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 29 Feb 2016, 21:59

पशु, not पसु, nor पषु.
The discussion was how it is pronounced. It seems that as with other such words, it is pronounced as पसु in Tamizh Nadu.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 29 Feb 2016, 22:09

Take me to the leader

We need him, the linguist...

I have heard tamizh folks say pasu, paSu, but not pashu (as in Usha).

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 29 Feb 2016, 23:12

Arasi, without considering right or wrong, or linguistics, how will you say pasu in the context of 'give me a litre of cow's milk' to the milkman. Or when giving a talk in Tamil to a general Audience who only speaks Tamil.

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 01 Mar 2016, 00:16

By the way, to take this back from cows and Siva to feet and refuge, here is the link for Smt. Aruna Sairam's thematic performance at the MMU - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNpIeTD0wro - billed as Tiruvadiye charanam...could be loosely translated as (your) divine feet are the only (tiruvaDiyE) feet (caraNam)... I guess the other (feet) are made of clay perhaps?

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 01 Mar 2016, 09:15

Ravi, that is quite funny. I have probably seen such usage in many places. Until this discussion, that would have sounded perfectly ok to me, not knowing any better.

For whatever it is worth, I put Whatsapp voice message capability to good use. I asked a group of friends consisting of mostly Tamilians to record how they will say 'Cow' and 'Cow's milk' in tamil and post to the group. A snap poll! Overwhelming majority, like 95%, it is pasu (पसु). That group also consists of my friend who is the Sanskrit teacher and he reluctantly (my impression) agreed that 'pasu' is OK in tamil (and definitely not OK in Sanskrit.). His rule is, for tamil songs, you have a choice of pronouncing it as in Sanskrit or if you are going to Tamilize it, check the 'agarathi' (அகராதி) to make sure your way of saying it exists there. We are still discussing the few edge cases where the word does not figure in the 'agarathi' but in common usage (by a huge part of the population) it has been modified from the original Sanskrit. He is quite reluctant to be permissive enough to go with the populace because he says population can get a word wrong. Anyway, fortunately those seem to be only a few edge cases.

vgovindan · Post by **vgovindan** » 01 Mar 2016, 18:15

A simple rule would do -

A Tamil kRti (even if there are tatbhava and tatsama words) sung by a Tamilian should be sung the way Tamil is spoken. Full stop.

For example 'tiruvaDi Saranam' (a Tamil kRti) should not be sung as tiruvaDi caranam by a Tamilian. In Tamil 'ச' as the beginning letter of a word is pronounced as 'sa'. If any Tamil kRti has both caranam and Saranam together, it is an absurd composition because the composer should have known that these words cannot be differentiated while pronouncing.

PS : I thought this topic is relevant only to non-Tamil singers, but as it turns out, there is more dispute about Tamil by Tamilians themselves. Tamil as taught in Tamil Nadu does not accept Sanskritised pronunciation of tatbhava and tatsama words.

VK RAMAN · Post by **VK RAMAN** » 01 Mar 2016, 19:04

well said vgovindan. A tamilian includes sanskritized tamil brahmins and I wonder if they understand!

Pratyaksham Bala · Post by **Pratyaksham Bala** » 01 Mar 2016, 20:00

In Tamil 'ச' as the beginning letter of a word is pronounced as 'sa'

There are a good number of words beginning with 'sha'; a few for example :-
சக்கரம்
சங்கு
சட்டி
சடலம்
சதுரம்
சனிக் கிழமை ... ...

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 01 Mar 2016, 20:07

So, MS, DKP, etc. were wrong?

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 01 Mar 2016, 22:11

- some topics never die on rasikas.org - or they are like the true Phoenix - keep rising from the dead.

I think it is difficult to establish one rule (must pronounce Sanskrit words/imports as original) vs other (within context always morph as-per Tamil pronunciation rules), particularly in the context of compositions, as the usage of Sanskrit words and phrases, can be in varying degrees. Or in other words, very difficult to establish/discern a method to the madness. By the former, must you insist in mukham instead of mugam? By this token would you change sAmi ninnE in every varnam to svAmi ninne?.

On the other hand, some Tamil composers have explicitly taken advantage of this "variable pronunciation" to construct prAsa. One example is the rAmasAmi sivan's nATakurinji composition where in charaNam you have this beautiful line: ISanai, prakASanai, guha dAsanai, kAkkum nEsanai, pUsanai sei viSvAsanai, tillai vAsanai, nATarAsanai.

Should all those rhythmic line endings be sung as" sa"? Sure - for some people.

Instead should all imports be faithful to original? Maybe for some even though it could mean should it be pUjanai (which makes no sense in Sanskit, and probably less in Tamil

), and naTarAjanai (as DKP sings) - even though it is clear what the composer is going for?

Should it be a mixture (my personal preference) as I had indicated, where you go import when possible, but in others give prAsa precedence.

Yes, it is a mess, it is chaos, but that is what language evolution works - When they import/accept foreign words, languages will morph it as per local language rules. People introduce accents, pronunciation changes across territories. It happens everywhere - between English, French and Spanish.

Somehow we want to treat Sanskrit as more sacred (even when it has morphed over the years), and bring religion into it. To me it is not grounded in reality.

My more than 2 cents.

Arun

vgovindan · Post by **vgovindan** » 01 Mar 2016, 22:31

kvchellappa wrote:So, MS, DKP, etc. were wrong?

You said it. Language is no handmaiden of any individual no matter how high he or she is. Well, the parampara is to be blame.

Every language evolves. But there is a stiff resistance in regard to Tamil particularly in accepting Sanskrit words because of the Aryan - Dravidian wall that is erected - kind courtesy of the British and colonial historians whose sole aim was to divide and rule, in the absence of which (the wall), the Dravidian parties will collapse like ninepins.

There we are frozen in time.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 01 Mar 2016, 23:06

Sorry, repeated post.
Deleted.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 01 Mar 2016, 23:11

Arun,
Am I glad you chimed in! Yes, I cannot see any hard and fast rule to every word we have been questioning and more.

In this connection, transliteration also has its challenges.
Let's take VK's use of the word agarathi. I would write it as agarAdi because a non-tamizhar is bound to read it as the hard tha (which exists a la sanskrit in their languages). The soft di then becomes thi when they read it! The same way, sha which I think indicates the sound to be the same as in bhAshA can confuse as well.

We do have d and D to signify the sounds. So why th? ettanai vEDikkai idu! We can do away with using 'th' thus.

Back to the pasu and pasumADu, there is ambiguity still. The sa Sa sounds apart, there can also be a subtle, in-between sound too? kAsu, vIsu, pEsu--how do we pronounce them?

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 02 Mar 2016, 01:13

arasi - the problem is "ideally" (=> cannot be achieved) one wants something unambiguously represented in English BUT also phonetically (as in as per English) close enough

. That is why you and I may see agarAdi, to know what it means, and some one else may even know rA means raa, but unless you know the transliteration rule very well (which in effect is the same as knowing a "new language script" which happens to use same letters as English), for many it would "appear" as agarADi.

Also, transliteration etc. is all simply informal and something which grew out of an organic need. And so you have umpteen variations and even if someone were to establish a standard, not all are compelled to follow. Echoing one great sarcastic sentence by an author "the beautiful thing about standards is that each can have their own

" - and of course I have my own

pasu etc. - again you are looking for one "authoritative, unambiguous" pronunciation. I dont think that exists in languages in practice - only thing close is wide consensus. For some words, you may have total or near-total. For this, I would say depending on people's upbringing as well as perhaps their location in TN, things can vary - IMHO it is somewhat misguided to denounce one as blasphemy - the only thing close is an outlier pronunciation which almost none of the native speakers would employ and dismiss as "foreign".

In this case, so about a "spectrum" where one end you have pasu, and other end pashu, and in the middle paSu

? Although I would say pashu is perhaps in the outlier category, the sub-spectrum between pasu and paSu is all valid territory IMO!

Arun

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 02 Mar 2016, 02:08

arunk wrote:On the other hand, some Tamil composers have explicitly taken advantage of this "variable pronunciation" to construct prAsa. One example is the rAmasAmi sivan's nATakurinji composition where in charaNam you have this beautiful line: ISanai, prakASanai, guha dAsanai, kAkkum nEsanai, pUsanai sei viSvAsanai, tillai vAsanai, nATarAsanai.

Something along these lines is also seen in teruvil vArAnO...

vasanthakokilam · Post by **vasanthakokilam** » 02 Mar 2016, 04:27

Arun, that prAsa is a great example that illustrates the delightful flexibility language offers in the context of compositions and oratory while at the same time points to the difficulty in coming up with broad principles.

There is another angle to this. I have heard Ravi Kiran say to the effect that while there are exceptions, you can have reasonable confidence in learning the rules and grammar of CM. Presence of exceptions should not be the reason for throwing out some principles that can be broadly used. Applying that 'Ravi Kiran principle' to this pronunciation issue ( advanced apologies to drag him into this, he did not apply this to pronunciation issue, just to be sure ), outside these kinds of prAsa examples and others which are exceptions, can we at least use some rules as a reasonable thing for people to aspire to. The rule mentioned by my Sanskrit scholar friend is one such. But another person can come up with a different principle that covers most of the cases as practiced by Tamils. That is where acceptance of tadbhava is a reasonable principle to have in mind while also accepting your rule 'Close to wide consensus'. The rules should accommodate 'mugam'/'muham' while rejecting kObAl.

Tamil as taught in Tamil Nadu does not accept Sanskritised pronunciation of tatbhava and tatsama words.

VGV, I just want to clearly understand what you are saying here. While I understand why tatsama usage is not accepted in Tamil, what is the problem with tatbhava? Asking because by definition that is what Tamil accepts, isn't? It It is possible I do not understand what tadbhava actually means.

vgovindan · Post by **vgovindan** » 02 Mar 2016, 07:14

RS,
Take for example Sanskrit word brahma - the tadbhava word in Tamil is 'பிரமன்' and is required to be pronounced as 'piraman' and not 'biraman' - kindly do not ask why we pronounce as 'biriyANi' for பிரியாணி - there is a lot of partiality in regard to acceptance of non-Tamil words other than Sanskrit - yes, there is a fixation. The tadbhava word for 'tatbhava' is 'தற்பவம்' which is to be pronounced as 'tarpavam' and not as 'tarbavam'; the tadbhava word for 'tatsama' is 'தற்சமம்' which is pronounced as 'tarcamam' and not tarsamam' - after 'ற்' - க, ச are prounounced as 'ka' and 'ca'.

In fact, Tamil pronunciation rules are very strict - compared to this, Sanskrit words can be constructed 'almost' in any manner and they are pronounced as such without variation - that is why it is accepted as medium for International transliterational usage.

I am convinced that Sanskrit and Tamil are sister languages. I would go one step ahead and say that Tamil is an (improved?) version of Sanskrit to make it suitable for a spoken language. That Sanskrit is not a spoken language of common man is proof enough that sounds like 'kha', 'gha' ..... and the like, are not pronounceable in routine conversational usage - unless one has practised it - a literary usage. That is what musicians are expected to do - practise.

Sorry, some may not like my comparisons - but that is my conviction.

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 02 Mar 2016, 07:51

vgovindan wrote:proof enough that sounds like 'kha', 'gha' ..... and the like, are not pronounceable in routine conversational usage

Really???? Speakers of every other Indian language other than tamizh do this routinely, right? Are they not conversational?

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 02 Mar 2016, 08:48

the tadbhava word in Tamil is 'பிரமன்' and is required to be pronounced as 'piraman'

VGV sir can you explain why? I am presuming you are implying because it starts a word, and your other example of biriyAni is an outlier and that this "requirement" seems somehow reserved for sanskrit imports as a fixation.

If so, then that is not true. You can Sanskrit imports - bAvam (bhAva), bandu which retain the ba sound at the beginning (of course pAvam is also there as an import from pApa, and pandu is there for a ball). I agree that native Tamil words will not do so (and so if you hear any word that start with ga/ba you know it is an import)

If it is some other reason, then please explain. I am guessing I don't know the finer points between tatbhava and tatsama (??)

Arun

Rsachi · Post by **Rsachi** » 02 Mar 2016, 08:49

This is a very educative discussion for me!
I learnt piraman, tarpavam..
Day before, the Podhigai panel on the budget kept saying mODi मोडी for our PM मोदी. Is that change officialised?
Tamil appears to have its own well-set deviations from the Sanskrit vocabulary. In the past I have been confounded (by my ignorance) hearing words like hArathi, sirpi, etc. Now I know better.
By the way, doesn't pasu come from paasam? Didn't Sivaji launch his career with "paasamalar"?

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 02 Mar 2016, 08:56

I believe it comes from paSu only. The tamil word for cow is A (that is how aavin comes into being

- aavin (i.e. Avin => Cow's)

Arun

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 02 Mar 2016, 08:58

But that is I think a very old usage. People use pasu only nowadays

Arun

vgovindan · Post by **vgovindan** » 02 Mar 2016, 10:29

arun,
Words beginning with ப are to be pronounced as 'pa'. There are some exceptions like பிராமணன் which is pronounced as birAmaNan, but that is alright for brahmins of Tamil Nadu. But non-brahmins don't use this word - they will use 'pArppAn' little realising that this word is derived from Sanskrit 'dRshTA'. That is why I call both languages to be sisters.

In Tamil it is not possible to pronounce the word 'bhAvam' or 'bhavam' or 'bhayam' as such. That kinds of words cannot have any tatsamam but only tadbhavam. Again here, there is an exception 'bhayam' which is pronounced as 'bayam' - being a very popular word in Tamil.

You are right in saying that if there are any words starting with 'ga', 'da', 'ba' you can be sure they are imported. Tamil does not accept 'Ta' etc in the beginning of words. Therefore words like 'DabbA' are imported. The real exception to this rule is 'ca' in the beginning of the word which is to be pronounced as 'sa'. In Tamil all sounds like 'ga', 'ja', 'da', 'ba' are to be preceded by 'G', 'J', 'n', 'm'. Please note there are some Tamil words beginning with and 'J' (JAyiru - ஞாயிறு) which is not same as 'jn' of Sanskrit.

கமலம் is a tatsama word for 'kamala' which is written and pronounced similarly in both languages excepting that in Tamil, nouns cannot end in a vowel. Therefore, what is called 'விகுதி' is added at the end - which is same as 'vikRti'.

I am not a Tamil grammarian that I could explain the complete rules of tadbhava and tatsama - please do not take me to be rude.

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 02 Mar 2016, 11:28

RSachi, Sivaji started his career with Parasakthi.

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 02 Mar 2016, 11:34

A very informative discussion.
Language is not logical, but democratic. Usage guides rules much as the pedants may rant.
But, that does not mean that there is no difference between what sounds proper and what appears as corruption.
As for words taken from Samskritham, some words have been transformed (maruvi vazhankukinrana). Ilaakuvan, e.g.
When a Frech phrase is quoted, I do not thing the English, much as they may hate the French, distort the pronunciation of the phrase. It is a different story when a word gets into English vocabulary by assimilation. I wonder why a similar norm is not appropriate for Tamizh.
Tamixh is not a phonetic language and the fact that the letters assume different sounds contextually has been mentioned.
The question certainly is not about which language came first. That does not decide how to pronounce. In fact, I threw a question mark why if Tamizh took words from Samskritham, the rules bear names in Samskritham. Be that as it may, it is easy to see which words are not Tamizh words.
But, I do not know what this sadas feels about pronouncing the words in Samskritham songs. Is there also the Tamizh way the legitimate one? Possibly, music matters and language is incidental.
There is no religion here. Samskritham is the only phonetic language and it is about sticking to its phonetics while using it.
As for MS, DKP, etc. they were not wrong by any stretch of imagination. They were respected for the clarity of their pronunciation as for their music. If someone feels it is right to pronounce the words as in common parlance, that is a different issue. What is perhaps not so appreciable is the indifference to learn something correctly in the first instance.

Govindaswamy · Post by **Govindaswamy** » 02 Mar 2016, 15:11

‘ச’ cha is one of the six hard consonants (வல்லின மெய் எழுத்துக்கள்) in Tamizh. Unlike Sanskrit and other Indian languages the four variants of ka, cha, ta,tha and pa and letters श, sha,;ष, Sha; स, sa etc, are not available in Tamizh. These were available in Tamil/Pallava Grantham created to write Sanskrit in Tamilnadu. This became vattezhu and later on maLayALam script. As per tholkAppiyam the hard vowels are pronounced by keeping the mouth parts stiff and blowing out air.
சூ. 19 : வல்லெழுத் தென்ப கசட தபற

(கசடதபற’’ என்னும் இவை வல்லினம். (வல்-வலிமை; திண்மை). இவ்ஆறனையும் பிறப்பிக்குமிடத்து
வாயுறுப்புக்கள் நன்கு ஊன்றி நிற்க, அவற்றை நெஞ்சுவளியானது
மிகவலிந்து வெளிப்படுக்கும்).
Ka, cha, ta, tha, pa and Ra are hard consonants.
In Tamizh single letter in each group க,ka; ச,cha; ட,ta; த,tha and ப,pa takes different sounds, but chooses the softest option available, For example in the beginning of a word they take the original sounds. In the middle and end of the word they take the sounds equivalent to the third variants in other languages viz, ga, Da,dha and ba, Cha is an exception. This invariably becomes sa. After the corresponding nasal consonants ng, nY,Na,na and ma ka, cha,Ta, tha and pa become ga, ja,Da,dha,and ba.
மேற்கூறிய மெய்களின் ஒலி மயங்கியும் வரும். . மயக்கம் -
ஒலித்திரிபு
As cha ‘ச’ is being discussed in this forum I am giving the examples pertaining to this letter only.
1. Beginning of the word : We are taught to pronounce this as ‘Cha’. However it is mostly pronounced as ‘sa’ only. I did not find any sUthram (சூத்திரம்) in tholkAppiyam to support this. Was this being pronounced only as ‘cha’ during his period. If so the was thiruvaLLuvar reading this குறள்
சொல்லுக சொல்லிற் பயனுடைய சொல்லற்க
சொல்லிற் பயனிலாச் சொல்.
as cholluga cholliR payanudaiya chollaRka cholliR panilAchchol?
2. Cha (ச)following t,ட்; R,ற்; ,l,ல்; and L,ள் changes.
டறலள என்னும் புள்ளி முன்னர்க்

கசப என்னும் மூவெழுத் துரிய
(e.g) வெட்சி - முயற்சி - வல்சி – நீள்சினை
These become vetchi, muyaRchchi, valsi, and nILsinai.

3. After the corresponding nasal consonant ‘nj’ ஞ். Cha becomes ja. (e,g) thancham, தஞ்சம் becomes thanjam தஞ்ஜம்.
4. After the consonant ‘y’ ய், cha becomes sa. (e.g) கொய்சிறை, koichiRai, becomes koisiRai.

It may be noted that tholkappiyam only mentions about which letters take different sounds, without elaborating on what the sound changes into. This is because he was only writing the grammar for a language which was already in use.

I checked up கழகத் தமிழ் அகராதி.Most of the words given are ones borrowed from Sanskrit. (Thathbhavam, thathsamam). I could hardly find a dozen words which can be called as Tamizh words. The other Rasikas may help. To me it appears that Tamizh cha has been almost totally replaced by Sanskrit sa. Is ‘cha’ a Tamil letter? This is similar to how the people of Persia and middle east, not having the letter ‘sa’ converted Sindhu to Hindhu.
P.S. My mother tongue is Telugu
Govindaswamy

kvchellappa · Post by **kvchellappa** » 02 Mar 2016, 15:19

Excellent post Mr. Govindaswamy. I have not learnt this as a student though I have been fond of my mother tongue.

arunk · Post by **arunk** » 02 Mar 2016, 19:44

> Words beginning with ப are to be pronounced as 'pa'.
VGV Sir - I would submit that as per actual usage *even* in formal circles, and owing to the large amount of import words, this is not true in practice (i.e. words are there with ga, ba, da etc.). kELvikku badil - is common, you find it in formal circles, deivam, dEvadai, etc. very very common. These are words which are well ingrained in the Tamil vocabulary now. In other words, this rule while it certainly applies for native words, is not strictly adhered if you take the entire Tamil vocabulary which now has many imports well ingrained.

Hence I will argue, that while there may be some mileage in extra conservative Tamil circles for it to be piraman, and pagavan (as in the1st kural), in practice, people will use biraman and bagavan.

Rules in language are hard to formulate (who is the authority?) and even harder to enforce, since the primary means for language is to communicate between humans and who also have strong extrapolation skills (to handle accents), and thus there is always a lot of room to maneuver.

Arun

vgovindan · Post by **vgovindan** » 02 Mar 2016, 20:56

Arun,
I generally agree with you. One may remember that wherever this general rule is violated, you may be sure that the word is imported.

arasi · Post by **arasi** » 02 Mar 2016, 23:12

vaTTAra uccarippu also is there

Sri lankans do it their own way in writing and pronouncing: da is ta for them, for instance. Madan is Mat(h)an, nid(h)i is nithi and so on.

Yet, how I love to hear their vaDivAgak kadaippadai (speaking beautifully)

Madan becomes Mathan, nidi becomes niti...

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 02 Mar 2016, 23:59

Madan - Mathan seems very presciently appropriate, for after all, manmatha (madan) does cause a lot of emotional churn (mathan), right?

latha@music · Post by **latha@music** » 16 Sep 2017, 13:11

hi, This conversation was interesting. I'm a Tamilian. Please do not write songs other than in Tamil language in Tamil script. Since there are no 4 chas, pas, mas etc....it will definitely get mispronounced. If the song is in Sanskrit I'd advise you not to touch Tamil script at all. Keep away from it because the cha or pa can be pronounced in 4 ways. Many sanskrit slOkaas horribly go wrong when written & pronounced in Tamil. Tamil pronunciation adds to the confusion. Hence please use Tamil script for Tamil language only.

Sachi_R · Post by **Sachi_R** » 16 Sep 2017, 17:58

Latha-ji,. I was made aware by a learned friend recently that Tamizh was not intended to transliterate Samskrita. Apparently, a scholarly and ancient adaptation of Tamizh existed called Grantha script. That used a Tamizh-adapted script to map the Devanagari script correctly. I wonder how many know and use that.

rshankar · Post by **rshankar** » 16 Sep 2017, 19:03

Sachi - Cienu can correct me if I'm incorrect, but IIRC, Smt. MSS used the grantha script.

Govindaswamy · Post by **Govindaswamy** » 17 Sep 2017, 09:14

All the Indian languages except Tamil have 4 varianta of ka, ca, Ta,tha and pa. In addition they have 3 varieties of sa स,श, ष. Tamil does not have the letters ह,क्ष,and श्री. Most of the Tamil musicians without knowledge of other languages pronounce the lyrics wrongly. Tamil Grantha also called Pallava grantha in Tamil Nadu and Nagari script in North India evolved at the same period for writing sanskrit. Grantha became vaTTezhuththu and became the script of MalayALam.